Sic Bo Dice

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OBJECT OF SIC BO: The object of Sic Bo is to make and win bids.

NUMBER OF PLAYERS: Any number players

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MATERIALS: Three 6-sided dice, a Sic Bo bidding mat, and chips for bidding.

TYPE OF GAME: Betting Casino Game

AUDIENCE: Adult

OVERVIEW OF SIC BO

Sic Bo is a casino bidding game. There is a dealer who takes bets and rolls the dice and players who can make bids on the mat. There can be any number of players making bids at a time as long as each player has their own colored chip to distinguish them.

Sic Bo is a gambling game and is usually played for money. This means there are usually minimum and maximum bids allowed for each bet placed.

THE SIC BO MAT

The is composed of the different bids that can be placed. Once you place a chip on the mat the spot you choose tells the dealer what bid you are making and payouts if you win.

BIDDING

To bid a player will place their chip on the mat. Where they place their chip is placed determines the bet being made and the odds and payouts of the bet. Multiple bets can be placed at once by players as well.

Bets and Odds

There are several bets that can be made. The most common two are small and big bets, but there are many others. These include sum bets, single, double and triple dice bets, and combination bets.

For small and big bets, you will be betting the sum of the dice will either be 4 to 10 (for a small bet) or 11 through 17 (for a big bet). These bets have payouts 1 to 1. If the dice roll 3, 18 or the opposite of the bid you made you lose the bet, otherwise you win. Bet on specific

For sum bids you will choose a specific number between 4 and 17 that you believe will be rolled. Each number has its own odds and payouts. 4 has a 60 to 1 payout, 5 has a 30 to 1 payout, 6 has a 17 to 1 payout, 7 has a 12 to 1 payout, 8 has a 8 to 1 payout, 9 has a 6 to 1 payout, 10 has a 6 to 1 payout, 11 has a 6 to 1 payout, 12 has a 6 to 1 payout, 13 has a 8 to 1 payout, 14 has a 12 to 1 payout, 15 has a 17 to 1 payout, 16 has a 30 to 1 payout, and 17 has a 60 to 1 payout. You win if the dice rolled equal your sum, otherwise you lose.

For single, double and triple dice bids you will be betting that a specific number will be occurring one 1, 2, or all 3 of the dice. If you make a single dice bid the payouts are 1 to 1 if one dice has the face value you chose, 2 to 1 if two dice do, and 3 to 1 if all three dice show the face you chose. For double bids and triple bids, you bet that 2 or three of the dice faces will be the same number. For double bids the payout is 10 to 1, and 30 to 1 for triple bids. For triple bids you can also bet on specific numbers to show up, but you do not have to and it does not change the payout amount.

For combination bets you can bet on specific combinations you believe will appear in the rolled dice. These payout 5 to 1.

GAMEPLAY

Once all bets are made the dealer rolls the dice. Once the dice are rolled on the table the dealer announces the numbers of the dice face and the sum of the dice. All nonwinning bets are collected and the dealer pays out all the winners.

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The Mathematics of Sic Bo

By

Michael Shackleford

January 21, 2005

Sic Bo, meaning 'dice pair' is an ancient Chinese gambling game. Today it is one of the lesser known casino games and is often confined to designated rooms for Asian games. The game uses three dice and a table with a variety of betting options on the roll of those dice. The odds and table layout may also vary from place to place. If you must play Sic Bo I would suggest sticking to only the 'low' and 'high' bets.

Following is a list of the bets available. The payoffs listed are for Atlantic City and the Mirage in Las Vegas. Other casino’s odds will vary.

• Small: Wins on total of 4-10, except for a three of a kind. Pays 1 to 1.
• Big: Wins on total of 11-17, except for a three of a kind. Pays 1 to 1.
• 4: Wins on total of 4. Pays 60 to 1.
• 5: Wins on total of 5. Pays 30 to 1.
• 6: Wins on total of 6. Pays 17 to 1.
• 7: Wins on total of 7. Pays 12 to 1.
• 8: Wins on total of 8. Pays 8 to 1.
• 9: Wins on total of 9. Pays 6 to 1.
• 10: Wins on total of 10. Pays 6 to 1.
• 11: Wins on total of 11. Pays 6 to 1.
• 12: Wins on total of 12. Pays 6 to 1.
• 13: Wins on total of 13. Pays 8 to 1.
• 14: Wins on total of 14. Pays 12 to 1.
• 15: Wins on total of 15. Pays 17 to 1.
• 16: Wins on total of 16. Pays 30 to 1.
• 17: Wins on total of 17. Pays 60 to 1.

• Two of a kind: Player may bet on any of the 15 possible two dice combinations (for example a 1 and 2). Bet wins if both numbers appear. Probability of winning is 13.89%. Pays 5 to 1.
• Double: Player may bet on any specific number (for example a 1). Player wins if at least 2 of the 3 dice land on that number. Probability of winning is 7.41%. Pays 10 to 1.
• Triple: Player may bet on any specific number (for example a 1). Player wins if all 3 dice land on that number. Probability of winning is 0.46%. Pays 180 to 1.
• Any Triple: Wins on any three of a kind. Pays 30 to 1.
• Individual Number: Player may bet on any specific number from 1 to 6. If chosen number appears 1 time bet pays 1 to 1, if it appears 2 times bet pays 2 to 1, and if it appears 3 times it pays 3 to 1.

The critical step in calculating the odds in Sic Bo is to find the probability of any given total in the throw of three dice. Following is a formula for s spots over n dice, taken from The Theory of Gambling and Statistical Logic by Richard A. Epstein, formula 5-14.

For example, let's look at the number of ways to get 11 spots over 3 dice.

int[(s-n)/6] = int[(11-3)/6] = int[1.33] = 1

The total would be 6^-3 * [-1⁰*combin(3,0)*combin(11-6*0-1,3-1) + -1¹*combin(3,1)*combin(11-6*1-1,3-1) ] =
1/218 * [1*1*combin(10,2) + -1*3*combin(4,2)] =
1/218 * [1*1*45 + -1*3*6] =
1/218 * [45-18] = 27/216 = 12.50%

Alternatively, if you can program a computer that would probably be the fastest way to get the results.

Here is a simple function in C++.

Following is the output of the function.

If you don’t know how to program you’re going to have to do this the hard way. What I recommend is list every combination of 3 dice. To avoid the list being 6³=216 items long do not repeat the same combinations in different orders. In the interests of not listing the same number twice always order each combination from lowest to highest, not forgetting combinations with a pair or three of a kind.

So we start with 1,1,1.

Next would be 1,1,2.

Then 1,1,3; 1,1,4; 1,1,5; and 1,1,6.

Obviously you can’t roll a 7 with one dice so next we increment the second die.

1,2,?

The third die must be greater or equal to the second die so the next combination in full would be 1,2,2.

Next comes 1,2,3; 1,2,4; 1,2,5; and 1,2,6.

Then comes 1,3,3.

I hope you see the pattern. The whole list would look like the following.

Next we have to determine the number of permutations of each combination. A combination is a set without regard to order and a permutation is a set with regard to order.

With a three of a kind there is only one way permutation. For example if the three dice are 1,1,1 there is only one way to roll that a 1 each time.

If the combination is 1,1,2 there are three ways to roll that: 1,1,2; 1,2,1; and 2,1,1.

If all three dice are 1,2,3 there are six possible permutations: 1,2,3; 1,3,2; 2,1,3; 2,3,1; 3,1,2; 3,2,1

The general formula is that if you have a total of d dice and the totals of each number are x₁, x₂, x₃…x_n then the number of permutations are d!/(x₁!*x₂!*x₃*…*x_n). So the number of ways to get a three of a kind would be 3!/3! = 6/6 = 1. The number of ways to get a pair would be 3!/(2!*1!) = 6/(2*1) = 3. The number of ways to get three different numbers would be 3!/(1!*1!*1!) = 6/(1*1*1) = 6.

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Next we go through the tedious process of adding the number of permutations for each total. For example a total of 6 has the following combinations with the corresponding number of permutations.

The final table will look like this, not unlike the result of the computer function earlier.

So now lets add a column to our list for the number of combinations of each set. Let’s also add a total for the three dice.

Now we can divide each total number permutations by the total number 3-dice permutations (216) to get the probability of each total.

Finally, we are ready to evaluate the expected value of each bet. The expected value is the ratio of the amount the player can expect to win to the amount he bets on any given bet. So a fair bet would an expected value of zero. A positive expected value would mean the player has the advantage. A negative expected value would mean the dealer has the advantage.

Let’s start with the 4 bet. This wins with a total of 4 and pays 60 to 1. For those who don’t know, '60 to 1' means if the player wins he wins 60 times his bet and KEEPS his original wager. Had the odds paid '60 for 1' the player would NOT keep his original bet. Most table games pay on a 'to 1' basis.

The probability of a total of 4 is 3/216 = 0.013889. Thus the probability of losing is 1-(3/216) = 1-0.013889 = 0.986111.

The expected value of any bet with only two possibilities, winning or losing, is:

(Probability of winning)*(Amount of win) + (Probability of losing)*(Amount of loss).

For the 4 bet the expected value is

0.013889 * 60 - 0.986111*-1 = -0.15278.

So, this tells us that for every dollar the player bets on a total of 4 he can expect to lose 15.278 cents on average. Or, the house edge is 15.278%.

The next table shows the expected value and how it was calculated for all bets of a total of 4 to 17.

Two of a kind

There are combin(6,2)=6!/(4!*2!)=15 ways to choose two numbers out of six. Each of these combinations is listed on the table and the player bet on as many as he wishes. If both numbers appear on the roll of the three dice then the player wins and is paid 15 to 1.

Let’s assume the player picks a 1 and 2 as his two numbers. What is the probability that both a 1 and 2 occur in the roll of 3 dice? One way to do this would be to note all the possible winning permutations:

Thus there are a total of 30 winning permutations.

There are 6³=216 total permutations, so the probability of winning is 30/216 = 1/36 = 0.1388889

The two of a kind bet pays 5 to 1. So the expected value is 0.1388889*5 + (1-0.1388889)*-1 = -0.16667. In other words the house edge is 16.67%.

Double

There are six double bets available, one for each number from 1 to 6. The player may be on any one or combination of bets. Any given bet wins if at least two of the three dice land on that number.

Let’s assume the player bets on the 1.

One way to solve it would be to note all the winning permutations:

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Thus there are a total of 16 winning permutations.

There are 6³=216 total permutations, so the probability of winning is 16/216 = 0.0740741.

The double bet pays 10 to 1. So the expected value is 0.0740741*10 + (1-0.0740741)*-1 = -0.18518. In other words the house edge is 18.52% (ouch!).

Triple

Player may bet on any specific number (for example a 1). Player wins if all 3 dice land on that number.

There is obviously only one way to win this bet, so the probability of winning is 1/216 = 0.0046296. The bet pays 180 to 1 so the expected value is 0.0046296*180 + (1-0.0046296)*-1 = -0.16204. So the house edge is 16.204%.

Any Triple

The Any Triple bet pays if any three of a kind is thrown. There are obviously six winning combinations (1,1,1; 2,2,2; 3,3,3; etc.). So the probability of winning is 6/216 = 0.027778. The bet pays 30 to 1 so the expected value is 0.027778*30 + (1-0.027778)*-1 = -0.13889. So the house edge is 13.89%.

Low

The low bet wins if the total of the three dice is 3 to 10, without being a three of a kind. The probability of any total 10 or less is exactly 50%. The average number on any one die is (1+2+3+4+5+6)/6 = 21/6 = 3.5. So the average of three dice is 3*3.5 = 10.5. It stands to reason that the probability of getting under or over 10.5 is 50%.

However the bet loses on a three of a kind. There are 3 three of a kinds that would turn a winner into a loser: 1,1,1; 2,2,2; and 3,3,3. So the probability of having a total of 10 or less as a three of a kind is 3/216 = 0.0188889. So the overall probability of winning is 0.5 – 0.188889 = 0.4861111. The bet pays 1 to 1 so the expected value is 0.4861111*1 + (1-0.4861111)*-1 = -0.02778. Thus the house edge is 2.78%.

High

The high is just the opposite of the low bet, so it stands to reason the house edge would also be 2.78%.

Individual Number

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Player may bet on any specific number from 1 to 6. If chosen number appears 1 time bet pays 1 to 1, if it appears 2 times bet pays 2 to 1, and if it appears 3 times it pays 3 to 1. Probability of 1 match is 34.72%, 2 matches is 6.94%, 3 matches is 0.46%.

Let’s assume the player picks the number one.

There is only one way to get three ones: 1,1,1. So the probability of three ones is 1/6³ = 1/216.

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Following are the ways to get two 1’s and the number of permutations of each.

So the probability of two ones is 15/6³ = 15/216.

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Following are the ways to get one 1 and the number of permutations of each.

So the probability of two ones is 75/6³ = 75/216.

Another way to arrive at the probability of one 1 would be find the probability that the first die is a one and the second and third are not:

Pr(one)*Pr(not one)*Pr(not one) = (1/6)*(5/6)*(5/6) = 25/216.

However the one could appear in the first, second, or third position, so multiply by 3: 3*(25/216) = 75/216.

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The probability of rolling zero ones is Pr(not one)*Pr(not one)*Pr(not one) = (5/6)*(5/6)*(5/6) = (5/6)³ = 125/216.

The following return table shows the possible outcomes, and the number of combinations, probability, and return of each. The return is the product of the probability and the win or loss to the player.

So the total expected return is -0.0787, or the house edge is 7.87%.

Sic Bo section at the Wizard of Odds.
How to calcualte the 3-dice permutation in Visual Basic.